Mediation

mediationMediation within a Cultural PerspectiveIntroduction In order to f entirely in understand ourselves, we must understand others. These few words shed a different lens when dealing with differences among citizens in a association. The Alternative handle Resolution (ADR) movement was born during the 1960-1970 as a substitute process to serve justice step forwardside of the motor lodges. During this era issues of race, class, gender, social inequality, and human rights began a trans realizeative deal in society. The movement submitd a different lens on the realties occurring in Ameri lav acculturation. Many communities felt dis em major power and unequal within the United States and insisted justice. The effectual beg system was stumbled with various court cases, each demanding a place to express their part to filtrate impartiality. Therefore, ADR served as a tool that empowers and serves fairness without legal ties. It prerequisite as a reflective process and be gan negotiating differences. The ADR was a cost efficient process that allowed controversialists to voice their stories in a safe environment with the plan of attain an agreement by dint of a mediator. The mediator then serves as a neutral one-third person in the process and common ground betwixt the disputants. Comp atomic number 18d to other forms of conflict resolution, interintermediation involves the disputants directly in the conflict and in the process of resolution (Frenkel Stark, 2008). As a result, mediation seeks self-determination, impartiality, and neutrality as the essential foundation in the practice so that inequalities atomic number 18 avoided in the process. In the article Why inequalities? The sources begin discussing stratification between various ethnic groups and the inequalities that limit a variety of minorities within a historical context. Issues of intelligence and policies rise to the conclusion on how inequalities atomic number 18 not part of nature or by the economic regimen but of due to the historical injustices such as policys put in place that cave in continued to take part in acts of injustice. (Shapiro 2004). Taking this idea into perspective, diversity get out arise in mediation and the importance of fairness and equality are imperative, and mediators, who are not ethnically sharp, may have biases or mis arrangement of the conflict. What are the cultural disparities that enkindle affect the process of mediation? What are the strategies being utilize to protagonist bridge the paste between cultural differences within a Western mediation process? How does the United States differ in the mediation process to international mediation? The purpose of this paper is to provide a different and fresh awareness on mediation, especially when cultural differences are at the core of the conflict. The researcher first considers that purification is significant in this discussion of mediation and central to understandin g the best methods of effective mediation. ADR and mediation will be used interchangeably through out the paperCultureCulture can be define in many different shipway. For this reason, nicety will be defined and described as the composition of different norms, values, and beliefs for socially appropriate ways to process conflict and disputes, including their man shape upment or resolution (Avruch and Black 1991). A culture is not defined by angiotensin-converting enzyme entity but can take many shapes and forms. It goes beyond the ability to invest on the surface of how mostone looks, dresses and participates in society it is the complexness of ideals and values instilled within a persona. Our culture shapes how we approach conflict and conflict resolution- including our values, norms and conduct. It even influences how we define conflict itself and what we considered acceptable or desirable goals of riddle solvent (Chew, 2004 p. 2). As a result, in mediation, mis conceptions can be eluded and the mediator or the disputant shifts the power dynamics. The culture of a person can be the base off of beliefs that they bring when in a situation of dispute. By allowing the disputants to have prosecute in their decision-making, this will empower them and allow the disputant to participate in self-determination, but at the same time it may be dangerous when inequalities of power exist in the process (Davidheiser, 2006). Consequently, this leads to unfairness and misconceptions of mediation as a neutral sphere of negotiation. Inclusion or Exclusion of Culture in Mediation Many researchers argue for or against including culture in mediation. Kevin Avruch (2003) discusses how culture has been drop through out mediation until the early 1980s. He alike flavours it is crucial for any break-danceing mediation program to incorporate a cultural fragment in the training process. Mediators must understand that culture can be strongly correlated to the style of negot iation. Avruch (2003) then speaks about showcase 1 and Type 2 Errors. He further discusses that each error can be crucial to the conflict resolution process by being to culturally sensitive (Type 1) or not culturally sensitive enough (Type 2). Participating in any of these errors can impact ADR because it may neglect or over express an issue that intentionally was not meant or should have been exposed in mediation. Frenkel Stark have emphasized four essential skills withdrawed by mediation to maintain balance such as communication, opened climate, diagnosticians and persuasive. These four skills will create an equilibrium that is necessary to begin mediation. Although the mediation environment and mediator are balanced in power, the cultural background of the disputant will proceed as a natural component in the circle to negotiation. However it can be socially beneficial by generating awareness of structures of power and producing frameworks within which to debate social norms by individual e genuinelyday acts of resistance which illustrate the ways in which relatively powerless people accommodate to power whilst simultaneously protecting their identities (Mulcahy, 2000, p.147 as cited in Li On, 2008,p. 458). Meanwhile Chew (2004) states every disputant is influenced by their cultural lens and frame their ideas and perceptions around, what is culturally correct. As a result, it can shape the outcome of the ADR process because at the core of the conflict is influenced by the values and morals attached to culture by a person. Russell Korobkin would argue that mediation is a process of negotiating, and those cultural differences do not have anything in common with the negotiation strategies of a person. Therefore, Korobkin believes that it is the separation of the person from the problem that mediation and negotiation truly exists. Furthermore, Avruch would disagree and state culture provides cognitive and emotional frameworks for understanding the actions and motives of the self and others. It has been disputed for years, and the research continues to dwindle in circles. Consequently, culture should not be over or underplayed. Mediators have the responsibility to listen to each individuals voice and be able to identify if cultural difference will be an issue to reach negotiation. The dummy for each individual to share his or her communicative discourse allots an empowerment process that transits power to the individual.The queen of Culture in MediationFoucault (1982) states where on that point is power, there is counter power in any case occurring. The ideas of power transmit in mediation are crucial in understanding the facilitative process of a mediator. Therefore, their role is not only to be in charge of the process but to also allow the parties control the outcome. By the mediator controlling the process, transmission of powers can circulate in mediation. As a result, some of the conflicts and counter arguments discussed i n mediation are how disadvantaged groups lack control in mediation, due to the power being brought in by the disputant. For example, an underprivileged undocumented person may walk in with less power than a person who is American, wealthy, and entering mediation with a lawyer. Cultural differences of respect, conflict, and language can set barriers in the process of negotiation. The power is not equally distributed across the board. Therefore, the mediator is in charge of providing the space for opportunities and to develop a solid communication. Mediators assume to be able to diagnose if cultural difference will change the flow of mediation.The article Family Mediations and Cultural Diversity Mediating with Latino Families discusses how the mediator can identify differences in aggressiveness, eye contact and face-saving. Cultural difference in mediation reminds me of both power and powerless participating in a transformative space during mediation what Kris D. Gutierrez, Patricia Baquedano-Lopez and Carlos Tejeda call a constructed third space. The third space allows for dialogue to occur to develop knowledge in a dual voice form to construct cultural resources. The space will allow for transformation and discourse to occur. As a consequence, dialogue will begin to open doors for negotiation and develop common ground between the disputants. The process becomes a transformative space for empowerment. Paulo Freire examines the structural inequalities in society and emphasizes on the importance of dialogue between oppressed and oppressor to allege towards a humanizing pedagogy. Once dialogue is exposed differences between both groups are understood. Mediation becomes a humanizing experience to transport dialogue and discuss conflicts between disputants and reach an understanding. Mark DavidHeiser (2006) articulated the importance of mediation and power imbalances that occur by using Gambia, a small country west of Africa, and explains how mediation has allowed for women to be empowered and given a voice to speak. Mediation was labeled a harmonic process where peace and respect for both parties was the central focus. Harmony ceremonies occur when ideologies between men and women are supported through a peaceful ceremony and issues of justice between male and women are shared and through various prayers rights and the need for justice between the couples are discussed. In many cases the women spoke out in front of their husbands about how they felt about their relationships. Mediation became a space that empowers women to leave their society role and be given a voice. The voice that allows their partners to realize the injustice occurring in their communities and at the same time upholds renegotiate the power within the environment of mediation. In parallel, the article An Indigenous Imperative supports the argument of power because many indigenous groups like the Australian Aboriginal communities and the Navajo family line to feel disc onnected forms society norms and the structure of mediation. For that sole purpose having knowledge of cultural sensitivity as mediator will help dismantle power imbalances and allow for the voice of the individual to occur. By participating in a third space empowerment that occurs for those whose views, values and beliefs go against the Western views of individuality, a cooperative mediation is developed that values inclusion.Individuality vs. Community Mediation ideologies vary in different cultures. Providing mediation is not a single process embraced by all. Mediation across the world various and is used for various purposes. Discussing the topic of culture, it is serious to mention the sensory faculty of confederation many cultures have and how in American culture, which is an individualistic company may clash in ideologies. Authors Glenn E. Singleton and Curtis Linton discuss in their book titled Courageous Conversations about Race, The differences of individualism vs. co llectivism in the U.S. although a myriad of examples were provided, the differences between a self- fount vs. respect for authority. Developed connections to the various cultures exposed who respect a group consensus over individual thinking. This key component of culture gives insight on cultures group orientation strategy and the role it plays n mediation various studies have been conducted to camper U.S Mediation strategies to other countries. In one particular study it was compared to Korean- Harmony ceremony. The Author Diane LeReche (1992) discovered that Korean mediators have a crucial and interconnected role in mediation. In many cases they provide advice and are personally connected to the disputant. They become knowledge consults who can provide guidance and reach harmony. In a very similar process, The Navajo tribe are an example of how their culture, language and traditions have influenced their way of managing conflicts. Their views on life have molded their outlook whe n dealing conflict resolution. Philmer Bluehouse and James W. Zion explain how the Navajo people have a deeper meaning to mediation by using strong association leaders to refocus the members to their state of reaching harmony within themselves. Through the make-peace court, the Navajo enforce two main laws (Bluehouse Zion, 1993 ). The laws incorporate life skills such as cooperation, friendship and unselfishness for the betterment of the community. Unlike American mediation where a third member is facilitating the communication, the pacifier is completely involved in the process and gives advice and possible solutions to help resolve the conflict and maintain the relationship between the individuals when possible. The individuals respect the peacemaker and absorb all advice given because it is a cultural norm and the person assigned, as peacemaker is an elder highly appreciated. The individuals respect the peacemaker and absorb all advice given because it is a cultural norm and t he person assigned, as peacemaker is an elder highly appreciated. Then it is the cultural lens is applied to what the of necessity of the community are and its members. In the Navajo clan, maintaining relationships is important and valued. Therefore, in mediation, the process becomes a medicine and is guided through a ceremonial process intended to diagnose the problem. Mediation is used to resolve conflict resolution and how the process is obtained varies in various cultural communities. Embracing community unity is significant also. In Japan community represents whole no individuality. Everything exerted is for the benefit of the community. Therefore, it is a community responsibility to participate in mediation and avoid the court unless mediation fails. In which then it represents the individuals pass judgment personal failure. While community unity is important as a way of life, it is also established as a community norm where the court only exists as a process for those commu nity members who failed to participate in mediation. It is a process not embraced as an option or an alternative to legal dispute. Mediation must occur as a community duty to help maintain relations with others (Callister,Wall1997). When member of a disputants participate in community mediation, it enhances the human achievement and needs of belonging in a society without feeling excluded (Schwerin, 1995). In Eastern Europe, community mediation is viewed as a modify of power from an authoritative structure to a democratic ideology. Community mediation can be a powerful tool if the correct tools are used to execute the process. Western vs. Community Mediation is vividly viewed across internationally in all mediation. The differences between peacemakers and mediators distinguish the role of respect between members in the community. In Western mediations, a mediator is a facilitative person not representing any party in the process. In contrast, a peacemaker is a most commonly a relat ive. It builds on the unity of a community, rather then the self most commonly seen in western mediation. The process also establishes the importance of relation in relative to the essence of time. In community mediation, relationships are important for the benefit of maintaining relationships in society. In Western mediation, mediation agency money. Therefore, the process is not about the relationships but of tackling the problem. The problem is detached from the person and singled out to discuss the conflict. Although the purpose of mediation is to find a common space, cultural inequalities will continue to stand out as an issue in mediation. American culture establishes the principles for all interracial group interactions (Singleton Linton, 2006). Hence why culture continues to have differences in mediation. Just because other cultures do not have the same individualistic mentality and way of living does not conclude there are problems in mediation. Consequently they become di fferences in ADR because they do not constitute the norms, and routines of the individual.Cultural Differences in Mediation PerceptionPerceptions Understanding perceptions can overdraw the range of possible solutions. In the book, Getting to YES, The authors explain the importance of detaching the individual from the problem in order to better grasp the conflict. One of the key components in being able to do is by clarifying the perception of the disputants. Understanding perceptions can expand the range of possible solutions. Without identifying the perceptions, assumptions are made. Those assumptions developed, take part on the negotiation process. Every person carries different assumptions. While some may feel to restore connections others are there to voice justice.Trust In this process, avow is important. Without the believe between the mediator and the disputant, reaching negotiation is complicated. In the article Trust and other- anguish in Negotiation Dynamics Across Boun daries of Self and Culture, the authors argue trust is a hidden feature rarely exposed in the negotiation process but is present through tension. High and low layers of trust will expose the communication between the disputants. Communication is the goal of mediation trust can be expanded by allowing the individual to feel comfortable in their environment and begin exposing the trust. It is dynamic rather than static in quality, if not downright fluid. (Wu Laws, 2003,p. 329). hardiness expulsionIn Hawaii the majority of its people consist of Asian descent. The face concept discussed in this article as a form of self-respect and can affect the process of mediation. In Hawaii, mediation occurs very procedural. The mediators first lay the rules for mediation, and then the mediators consult with each disputant separately twice. Once voices are heard and mediators understand the situations of both disputants mediation occurs as with both disputants. This process has been successful in Hawaii in dealing with cultural differences. According to the authors, face also exists as culturally acquired social phenomena. Facial expression can originate from nature or form nurture. The Asian community has a variety of perspectives of face and how it is define is very similar within cultures. The author then recognizes Ting-Toomey face work theory and the study he conducted with Asian cultures and American culture. Face displays not only an individuals features and unequalledness but also that persons sense of social identity, by using metaphorical expressions(Ogawa 1999 p.5)Depending on what culture you are from the concept of face develops and carries a natural instinct of ones persona. Face work is important to recognize because it may lead into communication dialogue. The dialogue is intended to create awareness of cultural differences and value mediation in a different way. Face concept plays a role in our communication strategies everyday. Every person quickly get dia gnose the face expression of a person. Face concept is important to understand in cultural diverse communities because it allows to lower the tension between disputes and allows the mediator t understand how face is a part of an introduce culture. Mediators who understand the importance of face, will better understand the communication process of members from various culturesTools for Cross Cultural Issues Researchers across the literature have provided various tools to help with creating equity n mediation. Culture is something deeply rooted with an Individual. In order to be able to understand the perspective of the individual reflection must be incorporated. Mediators should follow various strategies to help create a safe environment within mediation. Some of the important tools to use are Reframing. Frenkel and Stark mentions how a simpleton reframing of a statement by the mediator can reduce disputes and embrace positive information. If the mediator is aware of the strategy c an be constructive when racial or negative tension exist between disputants. Furthermore the authors gave example on focusing on the human needs in mediation. What are the needs of the disputant? By doing so, mediation becomes a productive environment. Next Active listening, listening allows the individual to feel empowered and valued in the process. y actively listing, the participants begin to communicate the core of the problem. It is crucial for the mediator to balance and transmit he power of voice to both side in mediation. By neglecting or preferring one over the other can cause conflict in the negotiation process. Also mediators as mention by Frenkel and Starkstate mediators should continuously summarize. By summarizing you are assuring you understand the narrative story of each disputant and it avoids for assumptions to be made. Above all, I feel each individual should be valued for who they are. Everybody is unique and differences should be embraced and not singled out, as a conflict in mediation is a space to help conquer differences and establish common ground to help problem solve through collaboration.Mediation from the start study and Mediation Timothy Hedeen, author of Dialogue and Democracy, community and readiness Lessons for conflict Resolution Education from Montessori, Dewey, and Freire, expresses the importance for cultural mediation to begin at a young age. He uses the work of three huge contributors in education to help establish a dimension for conflict resolution in education. The purpose is to empower the students and to begin participating in their own self-determination process. The process becomes almost a way of living. Taking key models from the leading researchers in education, learning bout conflict becomes a group effort and a learning process. The process also allows for children to begin critically thinking and taking charge of their own voice. The process will establish end result of participants in society as problem so lvers. Critically thinking about this process, can leads me to think on the transformative change that can occur in society. By establishing norms at a young age on the importance of solving our own problems, mediation would be conducted at a personal level. At the same time, children will also participate in constant dialogue with reflection and understand the viewpoints of other while in conflict. In conclusion, society has established inequities amongst various cultural groups. Mediation has expressed through out the research differs across the world. Mediators must learn to use key tools to be able and to conduct a space for any individual to feel comfortable and valued in dialogue. Establishing norms of how to deal with conflict resolution at a young age will help establish a community of critical and problem solving thinkers.ReferencesAdair, W. L., Brett, J. M. (2005). 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